一、国际收支限制法律制度
国际收支与国际贸易有着密切的关系。在一国国际收支处于不平衡状态时,国家可能会通过法律、法规对外汇市场进行干预:当一国外汇账户支出远大于收入时,国家可能会实行货币贬值措施,促进本国货物出口而抑制外国货物进口,从而达到获取更多外汇以平衡收支账户的目的;当一国外汇账户收远大于支时,国家可能会采取措施平抑出口。也就是说,国家所采取的外汇管理措施会对国际贸易流向产生影响。如果国家滥用外汇管理措施,就会对国际贸易产生不必要的扭曲。正是由于这样的原因,国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)要求成员方维持固定汇率并解除外汇管制,从而起到约束成员方滥用外汇管制措施的作用。但是,国家在国际实践中很容易出现国际收支不平衡的状况,为了使国家能够在此种情况出现时有足够的应对措施,多边贸易体制设计了国际收支限制的例外制度。
现行的国际收支例外制度由两大部分构成,即GATT1994第12、15条和18条的规定以及乌拉圭回合《关于GATT1994国际收支条款的谅解》(Understanding on the Balance-of-Payments Provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994,以下简称《谅解》)。
(一)GATT1994
GATT1994第12条明确赋予了各缔约方为了保障其对外金融地位和国际收支而限制进口商品的数量或价值的权利,但这种权利的实施并不是无条件的,且发达国家和发展中国家需要遵循的条件是不一样的。To forestall the imminent threat of, or to stop, a serious decline in its monetary reserves; or in the case of a contracting party with very low monetary reserves, to achieve a reasonable rate of increase in its reserves. 而对于发展中国家而言,相关的条件见GATT1994第18条B节第9款:To forestall the threat of, or to stop, a serious decline in its monetary reserves, or in the case of a contracting party with inadequate monetary reserves, to achieve a reasonable rate of increase in its reserves. Due regard shall be paid in either case to any special factors which may be affecting the reserves of the contracting party or its need for reserves, including, where special external credits or other resources are available to it, the need to provide for the appropriate use of such credits or resources.