一、乌拉圭回合的知识产权谈判概述
(一)与贸易有关的知识产权谈判背景
与贸易有关的知识产权谈判是在乌拉圭回合开始的。在乌拉圭回合之前,知识产权的国际保护体系存在着诸多缺陷,尽管已经缔结了一些知识产权保护的国际条约,但缔约国的数目较少,各条约之间缺乏相互协调机制,也没有强有力的机构保障条约的实施。
在乌拉圭回合之前,关税与贸易总协定在知识产权的国际保护中基本上没有发挥过作用,知识产权的国际保护不力已经对国际贸易构成严重障碍,这尤其令发达国家感到不安。鉴于GATT在国际贸易中的影响力和其成员的广泛性,发达国家极力主张在乌拉圭回合中就知识产权问题进行多边谈判,以期将知识产权保护纳入GATT多边法律框架中。于是,在乌拉圭回合启动时,瑞士等二十多个国家正式提出要把知识产权作为一个新的议题纳入谈判议案;而美国代表更是提出,如果不将知识产权议题纳入谈判,美国代表将拒绝参加乌拉圭回合谈判。
(二)与贸易有关的知识产权谈判的原则和目标
《乌拉圭回合部长宣言》(Ministerial Declaration on the Uruguay Round)阐述了知识产权问题谈判的原则和目标。
In order to reduce the distortions and impediments to international trade, and taking into account the need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights, and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade, the negotiations shall aim to clarify GATT provisions and elaborate as appropriate new rules and disciplines.
Negotiations shall aim to develop a multilateral framework of principles, rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods, taking into account work already undertaken in the GATT.