第一章 高卢人
Ⅰ
The best evidence concerning Gallic warriors in Italy – and their nakedness – comes from a terracotta frieze found at Civitalba in Marche that dates from almost a century after the battle on the Allia, and which matches a written description of Gallic warriors at the battle of Telamon, fought some seventy years later. A full account of what is known about Italy’s Celtic peoples and their struggles with Rome is offered by J. H. C. Williams in Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy (2001). Williams strongly favours July 387 BC as the date for the battle on the Allia (which could theoretically have taken place in July 386 instead). I Celti in Italia by Maria Teresa Grassi (Milan 2009)describes finds discovered in Celtic Senone graves. Barry Cunliffe’s The Ancient Celts (1991)remains a classic on the subject and Peter Berresford Ellis, A Brief History of the Druids(2002) though more controversial, offers insights into early Celtic society. It is Ellis who points out that the name Brennus probably meant king. For the close connection between early Latin and Celtic languages see Nicholas Ostler, Empires of the Word: a Language History of the World (2006).
Ⅱ
T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC) (1995) provides an encyclopaedic account of Rome’s origins,topography, defences, society and politics, dealing clearly with the complex arguments that surround every issue, and many details in this chapter are drawn from Cornell’s account. Gary Forsythe, A Critical History of Early Rome, from Prehistory to the First Punic War(2006) offers a useful addition to Cornell’s work. Mary Beard, S.P.Q.R. A History of Ancient Rome (2015) adds fascinating further insights into Rome’s early years.
On Romans’ early beliefs see Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price, Religions of Rome, Volume I, a History (1998). The comparison between Olynthos and classical Italian cities is drawn from Andrew Wallace-Hadrill’s Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum (1994). On Romans’ early diet see Fabio Parasecoli, Al Dente: A History of Food in Italy (2014). For Rome’s games and the procession from the Capitoline see Filippo Coarelli, Rome and Environs: An archaeological guide, trans. James L. Clauss and Daniel P. Harmon (2014) and H. H. Scullard, Festivals and ceremonies of the Roman Republic, (1981). For early Veii see H. H. Scullard’s The Etruscan cities and Rome (1967).