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For a full and lively account of all aspects of Renaissance Rome, including its topography, buildings and population, its government, artists, popes and prostitutes see Peter Partner, Renaissance Rome: A Portrait of a Society (1979) from which many details in this chapter are drawn. For further details, including an account of papal ceremonial and the humanist rediscovery of the city’s classical past see Charles L. Stinger, The Renaissance in Rome (1998). For the role of individual families see Anthony Majanlahti, The Families Who Made Rome, A History and a Guide (2006). On Rome’s Jewish community see Attilio Milano, Il Ghetto di Roma (1988). On Rome’s topography, medieval fortress towers,churches, bell towers, houses and the conservatism of Rome’s church decoration see Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312–1308 (1980). On Renaissance palaces see Elizabeth S. Cohen and Thomas V. Cohen, Daily Life in Renaissance Italy (2001).
On the 1450 pilgrim disaster, the bridge and road buildings that ensued, and also Renaissance city churches see Loren Partridge, The Renaissance in Rome (1996) and also David Karmon, The Ruins of the Eternal City: Antiquity and Preservation in Renaissance Rome (2011). On the Sistine Chapel see Loren Partridge, Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Rome (1996). On the origins of the papacy’s office selling and other financial irregularities see Elisabeth G. Gleason, Gasparo Contarini: Venice, Rome and Reform (1993). On Lucrezia Borgia see Katherine McIver, Wives, Widows, Mistresses and Nuns in early Modern Italy: Making the Invisible Visible through Art and Patronage (2012). On Pasquino feeling insulted by being called a cardinal, and the note left on the door of Adrian VI’s doctor’s door, see Partner.
On Romans’ use of Tiber water and Clement VII’s fondness of it, see Katherine Wentworth Rinne, The Waters of Rome: Aqueducts, Fountains and the Birth of the Baroque City (2010). On medicine and the French Disease see Roger French and Jon Arrizabalaga,‘Coping with the French Disease: University Practitioners’ Strategies and Tactics in the Transition from the Fifteenth to the Sixteenth centuries’ in Roger Kenneth French, Jon Arrizabalaga and Andrew Cunningham (eds), Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease (1998).