世界上最早制定反倾销法的国家是加拿大,目前,许多国家都有自己的反倾销法,它属于经济行政法的一部分。WTO的《反倾销协定》全称为《关于实施1994年关税与贸易总协定第6条的协定》(Agreement on Implementation of Article Ⅵ of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994),是以GATT1994第6条为基础所达成的。《1994年关税与贸易总协定》第6条的标题是“反倾销税和反补贴税”,《反倾销协定》只涉及其中的反倾销税部分。《反倾销协定》共有18个条款和两个附件,内容包括反倾销实体规则和程序规则。
一、倾销和反倾销的概念
(一)倾销
简单地说,倾销(Dumping)是指在正常贸易过程中一国的产品以低于其正常价值的价格进入另一国市场的行为。[1]
A product is to be considered as being dumped, i.e. introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value, if the export price of the product exported from one country to another is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country.[2]
(二)反倾销
反倾销(Anti-dumping),指在国际贸易中进口国为了保护本国相同产业的利益免受损害,为了有效遏制出口商向进口国倾销其商品的行为。[3]各国进行反倾销的目的是保护本国的经济利益和生产者的利益不受损害,维护正常的国际经济贸易秩序。
二、实施反倾销措施的法律条件
WTO反倾销法律制度以及各国的反倾销法都具体规定了实施反倾销措施的法律条件。其中《反倾销协定》第1条明确规定了反倾销措施实施的基本原则。
An anti-dumping measure shall be applied only under the circumstances provided for in Article Ⅵ of GATT 1994 and pursuant to investigations initiated and conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. The following provisions govern the application of Article Ⅵ of GATT 1994 in so far as action is taken under anti-dumping legislation or regulations.